Personal Narrative Going The Extra Mile - 1507 Words

â€Å"Going the Extra Mile† Golfing is a way to ease the mind, relax, and push harder to always do better than your last game. Life is too short to play bad golf, which is why practice makes for a perfect game. Golfing is a worldwide sport, a gentleman’s game, also a great business sport. It is attached to our culture and forever will be by its relaxing freedom and great views on the course. Picture one is an Adidas sports add featuring Colin Montgomery a professional golfer, telling golfers no matter what the circumstance is in the weather or your life, get out there and practice when no one else is stand out so you can achieve that extra inch into the hole. Which brings us to the second ad a Nike ad with the picture of a golf ball an inch away from going in the hole. This is saying that if you would’ve been out playing when no one else was you would have made that extra inch and made the shot. The effectiveness of the first ad is the results of the second ad, i f you put in the work you will seek the rewards. The Adidas ad witch is the first ad, has an explicit message in it, clearly stating â€Å"The winds may howl, the greens may freeze, the fairways may turn into rivers, the weather is always a variable but your dedication is constant. Play when no one else will.† Telling golfers to get out and get it done if you want to be the best of the best, practice makes perfect. The second ad has a clear Implicit message, no words on this ad, just a golf ball on the green about one inchShow MoreRelatedEssay about Personal Narrative: My Life in Rollerblades676 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative: My Life in Rollerblades I have often felt that the people who asked me why I rollerblade were sorry they did. Perhaps they thought they were going to get a quick, canned reply like I enjoy it or Its fun. Instead, they discover their question triggers a more complex response. 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The Post Bureaucratic Era Of The Columbian And The...

The post-bureaucratic era has seen the augmentation of leadership practices cultivating business sustainability from a pecuniary model to an ecological modernised ideology. Although, such dynamic contribution to business dogma has transformed neo-classical principles. Thus, exemplifying it as a â€Å"hybrid† form of economic â€Å"bureaucratic† growth and â€Å"Weberian† social and environmental rational (Clegg and Courpasson 2004: pg; 527). In this essay, I argue that post-bureaucratic leadership practices contribute to managing sustainability to an extent, as prior bureaucratic methods remain interpolated. Firstly, in section one I evaluate the limitations of groupthink cultivating a â€Å"fear of separation† within in post-bureaucratic era by calling on the views of Dimtroff, Schmidt and Bond (2005) however, I compare its effectiveness through the Columbian and the Challenger accident incurred by NASA, suggesting â€Å"post-heroic† forms of †Å"group think† encumber judgement of management limiting ethicality. Following this, I will contrast the argument by drawing upon Clegg, Teo and Josserand (2006), implying that changes in practices within the post-bureaucratic era have â€Å"branched† and remain interpolated with bureaucratic leadership styles. In doing so, I will examine the writings of Stubbs and Coklin (2008), exploring the effects of the sustainable business model through Bendigo Bank and Interface, advocating that leadership practice contributes to the purpose of an organisation, through an

Corono the Mexican Beers Marketing Strategy Essay Example For Students

Corono the Mexican Beers Marketing Strategy Essay MKS0030 â€Å"When a consumer brand does a really good job, it becomes a cultural icon, and that’s what Corona has done. † â€Å"We have to keep up the image of the good life that other brands have tried to get into. † – Rohit Deshpande, Professor, Harvard Business School 1 – Fernandez, CEO of Grupo Modelo2 Corona Extra (Corona), the beer brand of Mexico’s Grupo Modelo (Modelo) Brewing Company had been the number one imported beer in the United States since 1997. Modelo’s US importers, Barton Beers Ltd. (Barton) and Gambrinus Inc. Gambrinus), played a vital role in promoting the brand and selling around 97 million packs (one pack equals 12 units) by 20033 . But in early 2004, Corona faced challenges due to changing demographics such as the increasing young adult population, the growing Hispanic community, changing lifestyles and increasing incomes. Also, retail consolidation, which decreased the number of wholesalers and retailers dist ributing the brand, compelled distributors to stock too many brands at one outlet. Consequently, Modelo’s US bound shipments of the brand, which grew in double digits through the 1990s increased by less than 2% in 20044 . Furthermore, apart from the brands in the US like Heineken and Budweiser, other imported brands from Mexico like Tecate brewed by Formento Economico Mexicano (FEMSA), also gave Corona a stiff competition. Carlos Fernandez (Fernandez), the CEO of Modelo, reorganised the company’s marketing strategies in the US to overcome the challenges. Modelo introduced new television ads targeted at the growing Hispanic consumers and introduced promotional offers. Acquiring an import contract from one of its two importers in the US and establishing its own distribution network, was also being considered as a part of the reorganising process. This was to minimise the middleman fees and improve profits. But, the idea of setting up its own distribution network in the United States carried the risk of undermining the relationships with the importers who contributed to the brand’s success. Corona in USA: The Challenging Times The growth in the US beer industry was triggered by the introduction of lager beer5 between 1840s and 1850s. Since then, the country was known to be the largest beer consuming market in the world. Beer accounted for 67% of alcohol consumption in the United States6 . The market for beer in US consisted of essentially three segments-domestic, imports and speciality beers. Bud light, Budweiser, Coors light, Miller lite and Natural light etc were the top selling beers in the domestic beer category. Major drivers of the beer sales in the US included demographics, pricing, and product innovation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Geri Smith, â€Å"Life’s A Beach for Corona—or is It,† www. businessweek. com . com, February 7th 2005 Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. A general term for beer made with bottom fermenting yeast Center for science in the public interest, â€Å"Beer consumption in the United States†, www. spinet. org, October 2001 This case study was written by Sujatha under the direction of T Phani Madhav, IBSCDC. It is intended to be used as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. The case was compiled from published sources.  © 2005, IBSCDC. No part of this publica tion may be copied, stored, transmitted, reproduced or distributed in any form or medium whatsoever without the permission of the copyright owner. Do No t Co py Corona: The Mexican Beer’s Marketing Strategies in USA MKS0030 Corona: The Mexican Beer’s Marketing Strategies in USA To supply to the eastern United States, Modelo appointed a second importing agent, Gambrinus Inc. in 1986 headed by Carlos Alvarez, a former in-charge of Modelo’s export department. With this, the sales of Corona increased by 170% by 19867 and by 1988, the sales throughout the United States reached 20 million packs. With increased sales Corona became the number two imported beer in the US after the Dutch beer, Heineken. During the same time, Modelo also set up a subsidiary, Procermex Inc. Procermex) in SanAntonio, Texas to monitor Modelo’s operations in the US territory. Procermex coordinated, supervised and supported the activities of its two US importers and their network of around 800 distributors. Procermex also provided extensive marketing support to Corona and the other Modelo brands in the US while licensing Modelo’s Corona trademark for a wide variety of collateral merchandise. Procerme x also spent huge amounts on monitoring the use of its popular trademark on items of clothing. The distinctive image of Corona was that the brand was packaged in exclusive non-returnable longneck and clear bottles. This packaging played a vital role in the sales of Corona, because all other brands (the domestic as well as the imported) in the US came in returnable longneck bottles, which were difficult to store. â€Å"That’s quite an important aspect. You think back to before 1987, you couldn’t drink off a longneck in any bar, unless you were in a small town bar and that bar was storing all those returnable. The distributor was picking them up and taking them to the brewery to be washed and refilled. The typical high-volume bar or nightclub would not be serving longnecks,† said Carlos Alverez8 . This distinctive packaging helped Corona quickly gain popularity in the imported beer segment. But soon, the domestic brewer Anheuser Busch followed by many other domestic brands began adopting similar packaging. Subsequently, non- returnable longnecks became common in the US beer markets and Corona’s popularity for its unique packaging slowly declined which affected overall sales9 . Moreover, at that time the government also doubled the federal excise tax on beer (an increase from $0. 65 to $1. 30 per 24 bottle pack), resulting in an increase in the consumer price of beer. Consequently, by the end of 1991, the sales of the imported beers including Corona declined by 15%. Furthermore, Anheuser Busch, having a 50. 2% stake in Modelo, regarded Corona as a threat to its brands in the United States. As a result, the company applied all the tactics it could to derail Corona in US10 . Anheuser Busch was concerned about the decreasing sales of Budweiser and its other brands due to the popularity of Corona over the years. Also, in spite of a large stake in Modelo, Anheuser Busch was not granted the import rights of Corona in the US. So it financially penalized the wholesalers who carried Corona and ran ads warning consumers that beers in clear bottles were likely to be stale. It also tried to highlight the absence of a labelled manufacturing date on the bottles of Corona. Anheuser Busch also offered continuous support to its distributors in the form of localised alternatives to Corona and launched two Mexican style beers ‘Azteca’ and ‘Tequiza’ in the US. However, Gambrinus reacted in time by absorbing the levied federal tax and preventing an increase in the price of the brand. While other brands experienced decreased sales due to price hikes, Corona sales improved by 4% in 1992 7 8 9 10 â€Å"The consolidation of Corona in North America†, www. gmodelo. com Bryson, Lew â€Å"Carlos Alverez Interviewed†, www. beveragebusiness. com Ibid. Khermouch, Gerry and Forster Julie â€Å"Is This Bud for You, August IV? † www. businessweek. com, November 11th 2002 2 Do No t Co Corona entered the United States import market in 1979 through a Chicago-based importer named Amalgamated Distillery Products Inc. (renamed Barton Beers Ltd. ). Barton Beers was the largest beer importer in 25 western states of the United States. Barton Beers gained momentum through experience and knowledge of its marketing and sales force contributing towards 45% of Corona’s sales in the United States. Corona was marketed as ‘vacation in a bottle’ beer positioned in the ‘fun in the sun’ image. By 1981, the Corona brand was launched in Austin, Texas and in four months, the brand became available in the whole of southwest and the western United States. The same year, its sales went up from 10,000 to 30,000 packs. y Imported beer was not very popular in the US till the 1980s. However, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union and dismantling of Eastern European communism in the late 1980s, trade opportunities increased in the US, expanding the economy. This saw a marked change in consumers’ demands and preferences in the United States. Higher income groups began to spend more on imported goods includin g beer. Subsequently, many foreign companies (especially Mexican) exported about 500 brands of beer to United States through importers serving as the middlemen. Heineken, a Dutch export was the first to establish itself at the top in the imported beers category of the United States. In addition, vigorous marketing by leading brewing companies also contributed to the promotion of imports. Since then, the sales of the imported beers in the country showed a continuous growth and analysts predicted that the trend was to continue for many years to come. MKS0030 Corona: The Mexican Beer’s Marketing Strategies in USA Meanwhile, Modelo was also exploring opportunities to expand into new markets and make new customers. Based on a survey report that most people were unable to purchase Corona in places such as airlines, golf courses and stadiums because of restrictions on glass bottles, the company introduced Corona in a new packaged can. This offered Corona, an opportunity to penetrate into areas such as stadiums, swimming pool bars, marinas, hotel minibars, etc where glass bottles were not allowed. However, Corona in the clear non- returnable, longneck bottle remained the primary package. With expanded reach Corona went on to conquer 28. 4% market share in the imports category by 2001 with a volume growth of 16%14 . The same year, Modelo spent about $5. 6 million towards placing Corona ads on television promoting its can package. By the end of 2001, Modelo sold around 85 million packs in America through the distributors and retailers associated with Gambrinus, and Barton. Gambrinus attributed Corona’s success in the US to Modelo’s customisation of the product. According to the importer, Corona had the status of an import but was a domestic tasting beer unlike most of the imports, which had a heavier taste profile. Apart from the uniqueness of the brand, Corona’s packaging preferences also added to the popularity. Anybody can do fun-in-the-sun. But Corona’s well-executed message of Escape is what has the brand as popular today as it ever was,† said Mann, Modelo Group General Manager for Gambrinus15 . Like any other Latin beer, Corona had focussed only on capturing the non-Hispanic market till 2002. Corona’s sales in the non- Hispanic markets grew around 8 percent compared to a 2 percent growth of the overall beer market in 2002. Corona also commanded a 3. 3 percent share of the total $67. 4 billion US beer market and 30 percent of the imported beer market. Academic Writing on Riders to the Sea EssaySherer, Michael â€Å"Imports pay off†, www. beveragenet. net, April 1999 â€Å"Gambrinus drives Corona sales higher for 1st half of 2004†, op. cit. â€Å"Modelo Power Set Offers Velocity and Variety†, www. prnewswire. com, January 28th 2005 Decrease in the number of wholesalers and retailers Latest news, â€Å"Gambrinus Initiates Arbitration Against Grupo Modelo†, www. sanantonio. bizjournals. com, January 31st 2005 5 Do Apart from the competition, Modelo was also facing problems due to retail consolidation. Though the consolidation process existed since the 1980s, it gained prominence by 2004. Generally, the alcoholic beverages in the United States were channeled to the consumer through a three-tier system . The system was constituted to support the collection of federal and state excise taxes and mitigate the risk of sales to minors. Under this system, the imported beer was transferred to the distribution warehouses of the importer or the brewer for temporary storage. The stock was later reloaded onto distribution trucks and delivered to individual retailers through a routing system. Groceries, convenience channels as well as package tores played a vital role in this system. However, the trend towards retail consolidation29 -both at the brewer level and distributor level brought about a major change in the brewing industry. While consolidation at the brewer level combined capacities, skills and resources, inturn encouraging a stable competitive environment, the consolidation at the wholesaler and retailer levels had the maximum impact. Many wholesalers were forced to take on new brand portfolios either because their primary supplier had merged with another brewer, or because the wholesalers themselves had consolidated. Analysts observed that in many cases wholesalers no longer had a single brewer providing majority of their volume, dividing the loyalties and diluting the focus. Since retail consolidation started, the number of wholesalers had declined from more than 5,000 nationwide in 1970 to fewer than 2,500 in 2003. No t Co As a part of promotional activity and to further enhance the sales of Corona as well as other Modelo beers in the United States, Gambrinus introduced a ‘Modelo power set’ offer to its retailers to position their displays. The Modelo portfolio with Corona extra and light, Modelo especial, Negra Modelo and Pacifico brands is uniquely positioned to offer retailers velocity and variety. Out of stocks on brands like Corona are huge missed opportunities for the retailers,† said Don Mann28 . py and MADtv. The Beverage Marketing Corporation credited the success of the Corona brand to the ability of the importers’ to market to both mainstream Americans and th e Hispanic market. In addition, Modelo also continued its successful partnering with Jimmy Buffet (veteran singer in the United States) in promoting the brand. According to Gambrinus, Corona never built its huge sales on critical acclaim of its light, quenching character. It was the ‘vacation in a bottle’ image supported by advertisements on beach. Commenting on the changing preferences of US customers, Jeff Coleman, president of Paulaner NA, said, â€Å"It used to be they wanted individuality, but now they accept mass-marketed imports. †26 Though the beer industry experts predicted a further decline in Corona’s profit margins after a year-end price hike in 2003, improved marketing and promotional activities proved otherwise. Modelo’s reported sales increased by nearly 8% in mid-2004. The growth in the sales was more than the 6% nationwide average. â€Å"We developed a Q1 promotional strategy to help offset affects of the increase with our distributor partners. Our investments in advertising and an improving economy have also helped,† said Don Mann27 . MKS0030 Corona: The Mexican Beer’s Marketing Strategies in USA volume in the country maintaining cordial relations with the channels of distribution. Nevertheless, Modelo believed that Gambrinus was unlikely to win the arbitration due to lack of an automatic renewal clause in the agreement. As far as Modelo was concerned, it was analysing various alternatives for its east coast operations, working on two choices. Firstly, ending the contract with Gambrinus and continuing with a single importer, Barton. Modelo banked on Barton beers due to its industry knowhow and the relationship it enjoyed with its distributors and wholesalers in the United States. Also, Barton unlike Gambrinus represented only five of the top 20 imported beer brands focusing on a limited but carefully targeted portfolio. Barton also had a record of adapting to changing industry trends quickly capitalizing on evolving consumer tastes and market place changes. During the initial years of struggle to boost its export value to United States, Modelo sought out agreements with local importers and distributors taking advantage of their experience and knowledge of their respective markets. A number of these partnerships became very important to Modelo. Over the years, Modelo, itself mastered distribution skills and its steady relationship with the distributors or wholesalers made it more difficult to justify using importers. As a result, Fernandez was on the lookout for opportunities to exercise more control over operations by handling its own distribution. But the choice had the likelihood of incurring increased operating expenses and lower gross margins as a result of heavy packaging costs. However, Modelo believed that the profit margins after eliminating the middlemen and a lower operating expense base would offset the risk. By eliminating middlemen, Modelo expected to add about 5. 6% to the overall operating income in the United States or about $64 million annually31 . In 2004, Modelo’s exports to the United States carried less than 4% of the expenses since the importer had absorbed the transportation costs. But, though importers gave Modelo the opportunity to operate with a relatively low expense base by taking delivery of the goods at the factory, analysts believed that they also eat up a considerable portion of Modelo’s profit margins On the other hand, Anheuser Busch was also trying to get the distribution rights of Corona by allowing its wholesalers to stock the brand although it is a non-AnheuserBusch brand. By showing a good track record of Corona sales at its distribution outlets, Anheuser Busch was looking to please Modelo when the importing contract comes up for renewal. Nevertheless, Modelo’s plan to buy the import contracts attracted displeasure of its major distributors in the US. Experts however predicted that, Modelo would take direct control of its imports into US, considering the company’s knowhow of the US industry and its existing relationship with distributors and wholesalers. 31 â€Å"Life is a Corona – or is it? † op. cit. 6 Do No t Co py MKS0030 Corona: The Mexican Beer’s Marketing Strategies in USA Annexure I Top Beer Brands in the US Bud Light Budweiser Coors Light Miller Lite Natural Light Busch Corona Extra Busch Light Miller High Life Miller Gen. Draft Heineken Anheuser Busch Anheuser-Busch Coors Brewing Miller Brewing Anheuser-Busch Anheuser-Busch Barton/Gambrinus Anheuser-Busch Miller Brewing Miller Brewing Heineken USA Source: Sherer, Michael â€Å"Breewing up business: beer industry execs offer their take on what’s Brewing†, www. findarticles. com, November-December 2002 Annexure II Market Shares of the Leading Brands in the Imported Beers Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 No t Corona Extra Heineken Labatt Blue Tecate Foster’s Guinness Amstel Light Beck’s Molson (all) Bass RANK BRAND Source: Prince, Greg W â€Å"Here’s to Diversify†, Beverage marketing corporation (High Beam), May 15th 2002 7 Do Co py ’01 GROWTH +15. 9% -1. 1% +11. 3% +8. 2% +2. 2% -1. 0% +21. 7% 0. 0% -31. 7% +2. 7% MKS0030 Corona: The Mexican Beer’s Marketing Strategies in USA Annexure III Growth of Older Age Groups and Hispanics to 2020 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 19. 0% 10. 4% 4. 4% 34. 0% 55. 8% Source: â€Å"Responding to Changing Demographics and Lifestyles†, www. deloitte. com, February 14th 2005 Annexure IV Increased Media Spending by the Beer Producers Low-Alcohol Refresher 8% No t Wine 6% Source: The center onAlcohol Marketing and youth, â€Å"Television:Alcohol’s VastAdland†, http://camy. org/research/tv1202/ , March 24th 2005 8 Do Co Distilled Spirits 0% Beer and Ale 86% Total 0-9 20-44 45-64 65+ py 67. 8% 5. 2% White/not Hispanic Hispanic MKS0030 Corona: The Mexican Beer’s Marketing Strategies in USA Annexure V Key Beer Consumer Targets Average Per Capita Consumption Male Female 21-27 28 34 35 49 50+ 0 50 Per capita beer consumption among male consumers is 67% higher than average 100 Co 150 200 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Per Capita Consumption Index Source: â€Å"Bud: This Bud’s for you†, www. som. yale. edu, November 17th 2004 Annexure VI Projection of the Increase in Population Between 21 to 27 years No t 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Population (in millions) Year Age 21-27 Source: â€Å"Bud: This Bud’s for you†, www. som. yale. edu, November 17th 2004 9 Do 2010 py Per capita beer consumption among 21-27 year old consumers is more than double the average 250 MKS0030 Corona: The Mexican Beer’s Marketing Strategies in USA Annexure VII Hispanic Population in the United States Central and South American 14. 3 Puerto Rican Cuban 8. 6 3. 7 6. Source: US Census Bureau â€Å"The Hispanic Population in the United States†, www. census. gov/prod/2003pubs/p20545. pdf, June 2003 Source: â€Å"Bud: This Bud’s for you†, www. som. yale. edu, November 17th 2004 10 Do No t Annexure VIII Three Tier Systems in the Distribution Process of Beer Tier 1: Producers Wineries / B rewers / Distilleries Excise taxes are collected on the transaction between producers wholesalers BUD, RKY, STZ, MOND Tier 2: Wholesalers Liquor / Wine / Beer wholesalers Excise taxes are collected on the transaction between wholesalers retailers Southern Wines Spirits, Charmer Industries Tier 3: Retailers Convenience stores / Package stores / Grocery stores Bars / Restaurants / Private clubs / Airlines Sales taxes are collected on the transaction between retailer consumer Stop Shop, Shaws, Chili’s, Costco, TGI Fridays Co Other Hispanic py Mexican 66. 9

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Question: Discuss about the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Answer: Introduction Post traumatic stress disorder is a kind of anxiety disorder. It is a chronic illness which consists of a set of reactions that occur when an individual has gone through a traumatic event of shock. There many factors associated with development of this mental disorder. Trauma is the main reasons, which means a situation where people are trapped and could not find a way to rescue (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2005). Such traumatic events lead to Post traumatic stress disorder. Aetiology Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a kind of anxiety disorder. The people, who have directly witnessed any kind of traumatic event, and experience repeated and severe exposure to the aversive details of the traumatic event, may suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. When an individual goes through a life threatening event such as natural disaster, physical or sexual assault in childhood or adult, serious accident etc. such people can develop PSTD due to the stress reaction (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2005). PSTD can also occur, when an individual suffer from the death of loved one then he may develop symptoms of PSTD, not immediately, but even after many years. The scientists are trying to study that why some people develop PSTD and other does not. The studies are also focusing on the genes that lead to creation of fearful memories and some others are involving studies of brain (Ursano et al, 2010). Incidence The incidence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder are very sever and dangerous. Researchers have explained that most incidences of PTSD appear in vulnerable people, who have gone through some kind of dangerous of severe traumatic event. The prevalence of PTSD is also seen in the victims of rape, assault, physical abuse, and war. Such people are more vulnerable and more likely to develop the symptoms of PTSD. The stage of this anxiety disorder can be set by the genes and specific difference in the brain (Forbes et al, 2007). History of mental illness, head injury or childhood trauma and many other environmental factors can increase the risk of PTSD and hinders the growth of the brain. The prevalence and incidence of Post traumatic stress disorder also depends on the cognitive skills and personality of the individual. The level of optimism and coping skills can have positive and negative impact on the severity of the disorder. Social support of the people also becomes an important factor in such incidence, as social support of an individual will display that how he or she will cope with traumatic events. According to the reports of Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1.4 million people in Australia suffer from Post traumatic stress disorder at any one time, which makes 6.4% of the total population (Hoskins et al, 2015). Many people live with the disorder and they do not even know about their real problem. Predisposing factors People from every age can suffer from PTSD. However, it has been noted that there are some factors that increase the risk of the disease. These factors are mainly the traumatic events, which involves experiencing trauma in early childhood (neglect and childhood abuse), having a job with increased level of exposure towards traumatic events, suffering from mental problems such as anxiety and depression, lack of support from family and friends, family history of mental illness, depression or PTSD (Carniaux-Moran, 2008). Thus, PTSD can be characterized by the direct exposure to the traumatic events. Here, the primacy of the trauma is more important than vulnerability of an individual. Mental State Examination A brief mental state examination is very important for the patients of PTSD and for DSM-IV mental disorders. Mental state examination is very helpful in explaining the existence of the disorder, extent and frequency of the signs and symptoms, examining that how signs and symptoms relate with social functioning and employment (Carniaux-Moran, 2008). The examination includes: Examination is conducted to identify the impairment of communication and though process. Identify any signs of hallucinations, delusions and persistence of such signs. Examination involves the interaction of the patient, eye contact and any kind of inappropriate behavior cited with an example (Carniaux-Moran, 2008). Examination involves identification of any signs, intent or plans of suicide, suicidal thoughts and homicidal thoughts (Carniaux-Moran, 2008). Examining the ability to maintain minimal hygiene and ability to carry out basic activities. Examination involves identifying signs of short or long term memory loss. Presence of any kind of obsessive and ritualistic behavior that can hinder routine activities. Examination of flow and rate of speech in context with obscure speech patterns, irrelevant or illogical speech pattern, and constant or intermittent speech (Carniaux-Moran, 2008). Examination also involves reporting of the panic attacks, their severity, frequency, duration and effect of the attacks on independent functioning of the patient. Examination involves identifying signs of depression, and anxiety. Presence of impaired impulse control in patient and effect on mood and motivation. Any kind of problem in sleeping pattern and interference with day time activities. Examination of the other symptoms and disorder that interfere with the daily activities (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2005). Three Problems associated with Patients condition and Rational: Substance use and alcoholism: The patient suffering from PTSD may start substance abuse, alcohol and nicotine in order to cope with their stress and anxiety. Such patients believe that these things can reduce their stress. Substance abuse and alcoholism also increases hallucinations and delusion (Fox et al, 2012). Depression: The traumatic situations can lead the patients towards severe depression. The patient may feel helpless and problems with concentration may also occur (Fortinash Holoday-Worret, 2008). Suicidal Thoughts: The patient suffering with deterioration condition of PTSD may have increased risk of suicide. People suffering with PTSD and other anxiety disorder are more prone to commit suicides (Pitman et al, 2012). Medication Post traumatic stress disorder comes with co-morbidities. These co morbidities include depression and anxiety. Thus, medication of PTSD must mainly focus on reducing depression and anxiety in patients. Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) is the first and most effective medication in treating patients with PTSD. This medication includes SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), fluvoxamine (Luvox), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro) (Andrade, 2014). This kind of medication is well known for controlling anxiety and mood disorder. In some of the individuals suffering from PTSD, it has been found that they have deficiency of amygdala serotonin. This neurotransmitter is very important for brain to control mood. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) modulate the level of amygdala serotonin in the central nervous system as well as in the peripheral system (Andrade, 2014). This is the only medication for PTSD, which have been approved by FDA. This medication is also the only medication that has been supported by empirical evidences in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of reducing the symptoms of PTSD (Jeffreys, 2009). This is the initial part of medication, which is preferred for all the cases of PTSD. Exceptions may occur of the medical history of the patient about any side effects, co-morbidities, response and personal preferences. The exception could also be in the cases, where the patient is suffering from PTSD as well as bipolar disorder. In bipolar disorder, antidepressant can result into mood instability. In this condition mood stabilizing medication such as lithium or an anti-epileptic medication is given to the patient before SSRIs (Laddis, 2011). Nursing Intervention: SSRIs are very important for the patient suffering from Post traumatic stress disorder. This medication facilitates better tolerability and safety for patient. Patient must be encouraged to take medication in order to improve mental health. Patient suffering from mental disorder often refuse to take medication on time. Medication is an essential therapy for such patients. Identifying any signs of the side effects of medication, such as insomnia, anxiety or agitation. This is important to known so that dosage of the medication can be controlled (Ursano et al, 2010) Antidepressant for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Antidepressants are helpful in balancing serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. Also this kind of medication is helpful in altering serotonin neurotransmission through different mechanism are helpful in PTSD. Some of the antidepressents are Mirtazapine (Remeron), Venlafaxine (Effexor) and Nefazodone (Serzone) (Jeffreys, 2009). The major use of the antidepressant is to treat the co-morbid Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This disorder accompanies PTSD in 50% cases. Nursing Intervention: Antidepressant can result into different kind of sexual dysfunctions, which could be very depressive for patient itself. Thus nurse requires to support patient. While administering this medication, the quantity must be controlled and should be cautiously interpreted. Without cautious control it can lead to sever sexual dysfunction, impotency in males and anorgasmia (Ursano et al, 2010). Weight gain is another side effect of this medication, which requires being managed. Patients weight should be monitored regularly (Ursano et al, 2010). Recovery Focused Practice Recovery focused practice is based on the perspective of the individual suffering from mental disorder like PTSD. Recovery refers to retain hope and gain it through good practice. It also involves understanding about the abilities and disabilities of the patient, his active engagement in life, autonomy, and purpose of life, social identity and to develop a positive sense towards life. For this approach, it is essential to understand that recovery of a patient is not a cure, while recovery refers to internal condition and external conditions (Hoskins et al, 2015). Internal conditions are the perspective of the individual about themselves, which includes hope, empowerment, healing and recovery. External conditions include the conditions, which are helpful in making recovery. External conditions are positive culture of healing, implementing human rights and providing recovery oriented service (Stuart, 2014). The participants in recovery based practice will learn to identify the multiple evidence based practice approaches, while providing the trauma therapy to the patient. This practice also facilitates the opportunity for the care providers to implement and integrate the cognitive processing therapy as well. Recovery focused practice also focuses on supportive psychotherapy that help patients to overcome their traumas (Peterson, Prout, Schwarz, 2013). The Goals of Recovery Focused Practice It focuses on recognizing the uniqueness of every individual. It considers that recovery is not just the cure, but it must also involve individuals choices and to improve quality of life. It should be accepted that recovery outcomes are different in every patient, and not same level of recovery can be expected in every patient. Patients should be supported and empowered to have trust in the care providing setting (Peterson, Prout, Schwarz, 2013). Every individual must be supported to make their own choices. Their decision about how they want to spend their life must be accepted. Individual must be supported in a way that they understand importance of their lives and take every possible responsibility of their life. Care providers must also maintain balance between duty of care and supporting individuals. The care providers focus on listening, learning and actively communicating all aspects related to the patient. The care providers are also liable to protect individuals rights, and citizenship. Individuals are also supported to maintain recreational, social, vocational and occupational activities (Peterson, Prout, Schwarz, 2013). Dignity and respect of every individual is very important. Care providers focus on being respectful, courteous and honest. They also respect the values, beliefs and culture of every individual. It also challenges any kind of prevailing discriminations. Working in partnership is another goal of this recovery focused approach. Every individual has the right over their life and recovery can be done by working in partnership with them. It further values importance of sharing relevant clinical information and promotes communication. Goals, aspirations and values of every individual are considered (Review Examination for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), 2007). Evaluating recovery on different levels is another major goal of recovery focused practice. Individuals are also involved in tracking their progress. Care providers will use their personal experience to improve quality of care. It also focuses on improving employment, housing, social and family relationships, education and well-being of every individual (Peterson, Prout, Schwarz, 2013). Deficits in nursing knowledge can hinder the recovery and progress of the patient. If the nurse do not understand the identification of the co-morbidity and associated psychiatric conditions than success actions can be hindered. It is important to understand the co-morbidities associated with PTSD to improve the quality of care (Wetherell et al, 2013). There could be many clinical and environmental factors associated with PTSD, which can hinder the implementation of actions. These factors may involve ineffective nursing practice, ineffective coping skills of the individual, exposure to substance abuse and alcoholism and risk of self destruction and suicide (Wetherell et al, 2013). Methods to Overcome Barriers Evaluation of suicidal and homicidal behavior. Encourage safety of the patient Providing support and enhancing family support. Identifying ineffective coping and developing acceptance towards emotions. Conclusion Post traumatic stress disorder is the condition, which arises due to exposure to long term traumatic events or reoccurrence of traumatic events. Medication is the best therapy suggested for PTSD, as it helps to control depression and anxiety. There are many different practices to help individuals with this disorder. The paper reviewed Recovery Focused Practice and its goals to help patients suffering from PTSD. References Andrade, C. (2014). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug interactions in patients receiving statins.The Journal of clinical psychiatry,75(2), 95-99. Carniaux-Moran, C. (2008). The psychiatric nursing assessment.Psychiatric mental health nursing: An introduction to theory and practice, 41-43. Forbes, D., Creamer, M., Phelps, A., Bryant, R., McFarlane, A., Devilly, G. J., ... Newton, S. (2007). Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,41(8), 637-648. Fox, H. C., Anderson, G. M., Tuit, K., Hansen, J., Kimmerling, A., Siedlarz, K. M., Morgan, P. T., Sinha, R. (2012). Prazosin effects on stress- and cue-induced craving and stress response in alcohol-dependent individuals: Preliminary findings. Alcoholism,Clinical and Experimental Research, 36,351-360. Fortinash, K. M., Holoday-Worret, P. A. (2008).Psychiatric mental health nursing. Mosby. Hoskins, M., Pearce, J., Bethell, A., Dankova, L., Barbui, C., Tol, W. A., Bisson, J. I. (2015). Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis.The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 206(2), 93-100. Jeffreys, M. (2009). Clinicians guide to medications for PTSD.National Center for PTSD. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Laddis, A. (2011). Medication for complex posttraumatic stress disorders.Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, 20,645-668 National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care.Clinical guideline,26. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Peterson, K. C., Prout, M. F., Schwarz, R. A. (2013).Post-traumatic stress disorder: A clinicians guide. Springer Science Business Media. Pitman, R. K., Rasmusson, A. M., Koenen, K. C., Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Gilbertson, M. W., ... Liberzon, I. (2012). Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,13(11), 769-787. Review Examination for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). (2007). Retrieved From: https://www.benefits.va.gov/predischarge/docs/disexm56.pdf Stuart, G. W. (2014).Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ursano, R. J., Bell, C., Eth, S., Friedman, M., Norwood, A., Pfefferbaum, B., ... Zatzick, D. F. (2010). Treatment of Patients With Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Wetherell, J. L., Petkus, A. J., Thorp, S. R., Stein, M. B., Chavira, D. A., Campbell-Sills, L., Roy-Byrne, P. (2013). Age differences in treatment response to a collaborative care intervention for anxiety disorders.The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 203,65-72.

Marijuana Legalization Essays (393 words) - , Term Papers

Marijuana Legalization Most Americans do not want to spend scarce public funds incarcerating nonviolent marijuana offenders, at a cost of $23,000 per year. Politicians must reconsider our country's priorities and attach more importance to combating violent crime than targeting marijuana smokers. Marijuana prohibition costs taxpayers at least $7.5 billion annually. This is an enormous waste of scarce federal dollars that should be used to target violent crime. Marijuana prohibition makes no exception for the medical use of marijuana. The tens of thousands of seriously ill Americans who presently use marijuana as a therapeutic agent to alleviate symptoms of cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis risk arrest and jail to obtain and use their medication. Between 1978 and 1996, 34 states passed laws recognizing marijuana's therapeutic value. Most recently, voters in two states -- Arizona and California -- passed laws allowing for the medical use of marijuana under a physician's supervision. Yet, states are severely limited in their ability to implement their medical use laws because of the federal prohibition of marijuana. America tried alcohol prohibition between 1919 and 1931, but discovered that the crime and violence associated with prohibition was more damaging than the evil sought to be prohibited. With tobacco, America has learned over the last decade that education is the most effective way to discourage use. Yet, America fails to apply these lessons to marijuana policy. By stubbornly defining all marijuana smoking as criminal, including that which involves adults smoking in the privacy of their own homes, we are wasting police and prosecutorial resources, clogging courts, filling costly and scarce jail and prison space, and needlessly wrecking the lives and careers of genuinely good citizens. Marijuana legalization offers an important advantage over decriminalization in that it allows for legal distribution and taxation of cannabis. In the absence of taxation, the free market price of legal marijuana would be extremely low, on the order of five to ten cents per joint. In terms of intoxicating potential, a joint is equivalent to at least $1 or $2 worth of alcohol, the price at which cannabis is currently sold in the Netherlands. The easiest way to hold the price at this level under legalization would be by an excise tax on commercial sales. An examination of the external costs imposed by cannabis users on the rest of society suggests that a"harmfulness tax" of $.50 - $1 per joint is appropriate. It can be estimated that excise taxes in this range would raise between $2.2 and $6.4 billion per year. Altogether, legalization would save the taxpayers around $8 - $16 billion, not counting the economic benefits of hemp agriculture and other spinoff industries.

Latino essays

Latino essays The first inhabitants to occupy the Americas were Europeans who came from Spain and England. Theses settlers had the greatest deal of diversity that was spread through cultures and over the land. Each in it self created its own powerful empire and ruled and governed its people. These two groups also fought for what they thought was right in their independence that redid their political systems. The large and sometimes unruly groups spread across the country forming small towns and sometimes much larger cities in and around where everyone migrated. What many scholars though to believe at the time was a native population of close to 110 million people, (Gonzalez P.4). The Spaniards and English with both awestruck and the inhabitants that currently resided in the Americas, many tried to build their cities in much the same format as these groups. But, with the new comers to the Americas so did disease, and sickness, and the onslaught of new religions and customs on the current inhabit ants. The church also played a key role in this. It tried to spread the word, and convert as many of the natives to their form of Catholicism. The natives were spread throughout the land, and the new arrivals were migrating into their territory. Seeing as how the natives were scared of these new people, many were forced into slavery due to the face that they new immigrants saw them as a lower class. On the other side of the boarder, in Latin America, things where happening at a different pace. Annexation of the Spanish-speaking borderlands evolved in three distinct phases: Florida and the Southeast by the 1820s; Texas, California, and the Southwest by 1855; and finally Central America and the Caribbean during the second half of 1898 (Gonzalez P. 28). Even those much of this land was already inhabited by local tribes like the Aztec, Mayas, and Incas. Even though these civilizations lived by their own rule and authority, as s ...

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Personal statement - Essay Example er’s degree in the United States and was considered to be a very good specialist, therefore, the senior faculties were asking me if I was good in statistics as well as in SPSS. It was not very pleasant for me to see that they really got disappointed when I said that unfortunately, I was not. When I asked them about the reason behind asking me they explained that they were looking for help in statistics course. This was a great surprise for me and I really couldn’t understand why they asked me as they have a person who taught that course and I assumed that she should have been a specialist in the field. I didn’t bother myself to find out this since I was busy teaching other courses. At the same time it was upsetting that I could not provide any help when I was asked for it. As I’m working as a lecturer I have an opportunity and great desire to receive PhD. Therefore, I did apply for several universities and I was lucky enough to be accepted in George Mason University (GMU) but I faced a problem connected with statistics again as I did not have a statistics course in my master, but it was necessary to enter GMU. Consequently, GMU required me to take a pre-request course of statistics. The good thing was that course was online so I did not have to travel to the USA for a summer course and the bad thing was that my background in statistics is not good enough to start with online course. I understood that I should improve my statistics as soon as possible as I had statistics in my undergraduate and I started to struggle. To tell the truth, at first I hesitated whether to take the course or not. I called my friend who is studying at GMU to get her advice. She told me if I don’t take it this summer I will not definitely be enrolled in a PhD program. In other word, I’ll have to wait a year. After her advice, I decided to take the online pre-request course of statistics. I enrolled in the course and the drama started. At the beg inning I needed some help with